Collections: Foods, 1940-1966 / Issue Dates: April 1945 - FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, 1908-1966 Search Results

Start Over Collections Foods, 1940-1966 ✖ Issue Dates April 1945 ✖

1. 6146. Misbranding of canned peas. U. S. v. 663 Cases of Peas. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released for relabeling.

Defendants:: Markesan Canning Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

2. 6147. Misbranding of canned peas. U. S. v. 1,697 Cases of Early June Peas. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for relabeling.

Defendants:: Country Gardens, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

3. 6148. Misbranding of canned peas. U. S. v. 449 Cases of Canned Peas. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for relabeling.

Defendants:: Chippewa Canneries
Issue Dates:: April 1945

4. 6149. Adulteration and misbranding of sauerkraut. U. S. v. 16 Cases of Sauer Kraut. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Mayfair Food Products Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

5. 6150. Adulteration and misbranding of canned sauerkraut. U. S. v. 428 Cases of Sauerkraut. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to the National Zoological Park.

Defendants:: Kent Food Corporation
Issue Dates:: April 1945

6. 6151. Adulteration of canned mashed sweet potatoes. U. S. v. 119 Cases of Sweet Potatoes. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and destruction of the unfit portion.

Defendants:: Marion T. Fannaly, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

7. 6152. Adulteration of frozen cut golden wax beans and green beans. U. S. v. 818 Cases of Frozen Cut Golden Wax Beans (and 1 other seizure action against frozen beans). Default decrees of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: California Bank
Issue Dates:: April 1945

8. 6153. Adulteration of frozen beans. U. S. v. 144 Cartons, 517 Cartons, and 206 Cartons of Frozen Beans. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: W. M. Storage Corporation
Issue Dates:: April 1945

9. 6154. Adulteration of frozen cut wax beans. U. S. v. 261 Cases of Golden Wax Beans. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: William Edwards Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

10. 6155. Adulteration of frozen cut green beans. U. S. v. 294 Cartons of Frozen Cut Green Beans. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Okeena Canning Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

11. 6156. Adulteration of frozen brussels sprouts. U. S. v. 150 Cartons of Frozen Brussels Sprouts. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Sacramento Frosted Foods
Issue Dates:: April 1945

12. 6157. Adulteration of frozen spinach. U. S. v. 63 Cases of Frozen Spinach. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: S. A. Moffett Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

13. 6158. Adulteration of blackeye beans. U. S. v. 7 Bags of Blackeye Beans. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to the National Zoological Park.

Defendants:: Atlantic Hotel Supply Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

14. 6159. Misbranding of onions. U. S. v. Justman-Frankenthal Company and Howard William Grimsley. Pleas of guilty. Each defendant fined $175.

Defendants:: Justman-Frankenthal Co., a partnership, and Howard W. Grimsley, an individual
Issue Dates:: April 1945

15. 6160. Adulteration of green split peas. U. S. v. 13 Bags of Green Split Peas. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a Federal institution.

Defendants:: M. E. Horton, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

16. 6001. Adulteration of raisin brandy. U. S. v. 3 Drums of Raisin Brandy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Fresno Warehouse Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

17. 6002. Adulteration and misbranding of Orange Dairy Mix. U. S. v. 6 Cases of Orange Dairy Mix. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: L. E. Leach Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

18. 6003. Adulteration and misbranding of pineapple and orange drink. U. S. v. 25 Cases of Pineapple and Orange Drink. Default decree of condemnation. Product delivered to charitable institutions.

Defendants:: Iowa Products Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

19. 6004. Adulteration and misbranding of beverage sirup vanilla. U. S. v. 11 Cartons and 2 Jugs of Beverage Syrup Vanilla. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to charitable institutions.

Defendants:: New Jersey Tobacco Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

20. 6005. Misbranding of Effect-O. U. S. v. 14 Jugs of Effect-O. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Chandler Laboratories
Issue Dates:: April 1945

21. 6006. Adulteration of alimentary pastes. U. S. v. 75 Cases of Macaroni, 10 Cases of Spaghetti, and 10 Cases of Vermicelli (and 1 other seizure action against alimentary pastes). Default decrees of condemnation. Products ordered released to the State Fish and Wildlife Service for uses other than human consumption.

Defendants:: American Beauty Macaroni Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

22. 6007. Adulteration of macaroni. U. S. v. 63 Boxes of Macaroni. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Italia Macaroni Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

23. 6008. Adulteration and misbranding of egg noodles. U. S. v. 126 Cases and 98 Cases of Noodles. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a Federal institution for use as hog feed.

Defendants:: Meyer's Egg Noodle Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

24. 6009. Misbranding of egg noodles with fresh mushrooms. U. S. v. 25 Cases of Egg Noodles with Fresh Mushrooms. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a charitable organization.

Defendants:: Universal Food Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

25. 6010. Misbranding of spaghetti dinner. U. S. v. 72 Cases of Spaghetti Dinner. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for relabeling.

Defendants:: M & C Foods, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

26. 6011. Adulteration of corn meal. U. S. v. John B. Edgar, and Joseph C. Roney (Humphreys Mills). Pleas of guilty. Each defendant fined $1,200.

Defendants:: John B. Edgar and Joseph C. Roney, trading as Humphreys Mills, Memphis, Tenn.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

27. 6012. Adulteration of corn meal. U. S. v. 149 Sacks of Corn Meal. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: P. P. Williams Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

28. 6013. Adulteration of corn meal. U. S. v. 136 Bags of Corn Meal. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Bewley Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

29. 6014. Adulteration of corn meal. U. S. v. 215 Bags of Corn Meal. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Scott-County Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

30. 6015. Adulteration of corn meal. U. S. v. 30 Bales of Corn Meal. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Richmond Milling & Grain Co., Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

31. 6016. Adulteration of tapioca and cream meal. U. S. v. 5 Bags of Tapioca and 21 Bags of Cream Meal. Consent decrees of condemnation. Products ordered mixed with other material for use as stock feed.

Defendants:: Oswald and Taube Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

32. 6017. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 131 Bags of Flour. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond, or on deposit of cash collateral or certified check, to be denatured for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: N. J. Thiery
Issue Dates:: April 1945

33. 6018. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 245 Bags and 224 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Flour Mills of America, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

34. 6019. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 21 Sacks of Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Pacific Fruit & Produce Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

35. 6020. Adulteration of plain flour. U. S. v. 20 Bags and 94 Bags of Flour. Decree of destruction with respect to 20 bags; consent decree of condemnation entered in remaining case, and product ordered released under bond.

Defendants:: International Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

36. 6021. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 16 Bags of Flour. Decree of destruction.

Defendants:: L. Weinberg Baking Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

37. 6022. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 38 Bags of Flour. Decree of destruction.

Defendants:: Crete Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

38. 6023. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 20 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a Federal correctional institution.

Defendants:: La Grange Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

39. 6024. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 20 Bass of Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a State institution, for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: Dodge City Flour Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

40. 6025. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 121 Bags of Flour; Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Merchants Grocery Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

41. 6026. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 57 Bags of Flour. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond or upon the deposit of cash collateral, conditioned that it be disposed of as animal or poultry feed.

Defendants:: Peter J. Guarino, doing business as the United Flour Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

42. 6027. Adulteration of plain flour. U. S. v. 66 Sacks of Flour. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond.

Defendants:: Daniel Gallagher Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

43. 6028. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 50 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Kimbell-Diamond Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

44. 6029. Adulteration of plain flour and self-rising flour. U. S. v. 80 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a Federal institution for use as feed for livestock.

Defendants:: Yelton Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

45. 6030. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 1,200 Bags and 53 Bags of Flour. Decrees of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for conversion into animal feed.

Defendants:: Kansas Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

46. 6031. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 711 Bags of Enriched Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Fit portion of product ordered delivered to local hospitals; unfit portion ordered destroyed.

Issue Dates:: April 1945

47. 6032. Adulteration of flour. U. S. v. 30 Sacks of Enriched Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a charitable institution, for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: Best Foods, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

48. 6033. Adulteration of phosphated flour. U. S. v. 57 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: J. S. Fraering, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

49. 6034. Adulteration of phosphated flour. U. S. v. 110 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a Federal institution, for use as feed for livestock.

Defendants:: Todd Woolbright Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

50. 6035. Adulteration of phosphated flour and plain flour. U. S. v. 76 Bags of Plain Flour (and 2 other seizure actions against phosphated flour). Decrees of condemnation. Two lots ordered released under bond; 1 lot ordered destroyed.

Defendants:: Acme Flour Mills Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

51. 6036. Adulteration of phosphated and self-rising flour. U. S. v. 414 Sacks and 429 Bass of Flour. Consent decrees of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond.

Defendants:: Nebraska Consolidated Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

52. 6037. Adulteration of self-rising and phosphated flour. U. S. v. 760 Bags of Flour. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered, released under bond for denaturing for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: Puritan Mills
Issue Dates:: April 1945

53. 6038. Adulteration of rye, rye graham, and buckwheat flour. U. S. v. 135 Sacks, 307 Sacks, and 207 Bags of Flour. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for reconditioning and relabeling.

Defendants:: Beaver Valley Milling Co., Division of Inland Mills, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

54. 6039. Adulteration of whole wheat flour. U. S. v. 60 Bags of Whole Wheat Flour. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond to be converted into stock feed.

Defendants:: Larabee Flour Mills Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

55. 6040. Adulteration of cake and pastry flour, self-rising flour, phosphated flour, and plain flour. U. S. v. 300 Bags and 255 Bags of Flour. Default decrees of condemnation. One portion ordered delivered to a Federal institution, for use as feed for livestock; remainder ordered destroyed.

Defendants:: J. Allen Smith & Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

56. 6041. Adulteration of pastry flour. U. S. v. 250 Bags of Pastry Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Continental Foods, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

57. 6042. Adulteration of cake flour. U. S. v. 40 Bags of Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Standard Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

58. 6043. Adulteration of durum and cake flour. U. S. v. 39 Bags of Flour (and 2 other seizure actions against flour). Decrees of condemnation. Portion of product ordered released under bond to be denatured for use as poultry or livestock feed; remainder ordered destroyed.

Defendants:: Pillsbury Flour Mills Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

59. 6044. Adulteration of pie flour. U. S. v. 21 Bags of Pie Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Charles W. Brizius Co., Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

60. 6045. Adulteration of biscuit, pastry, and plain flour. U. S. v. 108 Bags and 10 Bags of Flour. Consent decrees of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for conversion into material for use as hog feed.

Defendants:: Fredericktown Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

61. 6046. Adulteration of Royal Creme Fluff (cake mix) and doughnut flour. U. S. v. 20 Bags of Royal Creme Fluff and 9 Bags of Doughnut Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: H. M. Wagner & Co., Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

62. 6047. Adulteration of durum flour. U. S. v. 165 Bags of Flour. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond.

Defendants:: Dan Perkins Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

63. 6048. Adulteration of gelatinized corn flour. U. S. v. 97 Bags of a Corn Product. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and destruction or denaturing of the unfit portion.

Defendants:: Rose Warehouse Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

64. 6049. Adulteration of graham flour. U. S. v. 250 Bags of Graham Flour. Product ordered released under bond to be sold as animal food.

Defendants:: National Biscuit Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

65. 6050. Adulteration of malted wheat flour. U. S. v. 36 Sacks of Malted Wheat Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Kansas Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

66. 6051. Adulteration of rice flour. U. S. v. 4 Bags of Rice Flour. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Stein-Hall Manufacturing Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

67. 6052. Adulteration of rye flour. U. S. v. 289 Sacks of Rye Flour. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond to be mixed with other material and used as animal feed.

Defendants:: Frank H. Blodgett, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

68. 6053. Adulteration of plain flour and adulteration and misbranding of enriched, self-rising flour. U. S. v. 135 Sacks of Plain Flour and 50 Sacks of Enriched Self-Rising Flour. Decrees of condemnation. Portion ordered released under bond; remainder ordered delivered to charitable institution.

Defendants:: William Kelly Milling Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

69. 6054. Adulteration and misbranding of enriched flour, U. S. v. 100 Sacks of Flour. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for denaturing, or for disposition as stock or poultry feed.

Defendants:: Flour Mills of America, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

70. 6055. Adulteration of cereal binder. U. S. v. 20 Bags of Cereal Binder. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and destruction or denaturing of the unfit portion.

Defendants:: Rose Warehouse Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

71. 6056. Adulteration of popcorn. U. S. v. 101 Bags of Pop Corn. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond to be salvaged by cleaning.

Defendants:: J. B. Robinson
Issue Dates:: April 1945

72. 6057. Adulteration of popcorn. U. S. v. 720 Bags of Popcorn. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for cleaning.

Defendants:: G. C. Atkins, Dallas, Tex.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

73. 6058. Adulteration of popcorn. U. S. v. 27 Burlap Bags of Unpopped Popcorn. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Armstrong Popcorn Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

74. 6059. Adulteration of Meatex Wheat Endosperm (cereal product). U. S. v. 125 Bags of Meatex Wheat Endosperm. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and destruction or denaturing of unfit portion.

Defendants:: Packers Supply Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

75. 6060. Adulteration of yellow soy beans. U. S. v. 92 Bags of Yellow Soy Beans. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Sea Wall Warehouse Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

76. 6061. Adulteration of soya grits. U. S. v. 28 Bags of Alsoy (Coarse Grits). Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered for use of the National Zoological Park.

Defendants:: Soya Corporation of America
Issue Dates:: April 1945

77. 6062. Adulteration of soya products. U. S. v. 150 Bags and 72 Bags of Alsoy and 300 Bags of Cured Soya Beans. Consent decree of condemnation. Products ordered released under bond for conversion into animal feed. Decree amended to provide for delivery of portion of products for use of the National Zoological Park.

Defendants:: Welfare & Recreational Association of Public Buildings and Grounds, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

78. 6063. Adulteration of rice and soya beans. U. S. v. 17 Bags of Rice and 25 Bags of Soya Beans. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to the National Zoological Park.

Defendants:: Mee Wah Lung
Issue Dates:: April 1945

79. 6064. Adulteration of rice. U. S. v. 42 Bags of Rice. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to the National Zoological Park for use as animal feed.

Defendants:: Tuck Cheong & Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

80. 6065. Adulteration of rice. U. S. v. 58 Bags of Rice. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and destruction of the unfit portion.

Defendants:: Pacific Fruit and Produce Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

81. 6066. Adulteration of candy. U. S. v. 250 Boxes of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Sanitary Automatic Candy Co., for the Surprise Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

82. 6067. Adulteration of candy U. S. v. 322 Boxes of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Surprise Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

83. 6068. Adulteration of candy. U. S. v. 82 Packages of Candy (and 2 other seizure actions against candy). Default decrees of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Jan Edwards Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

84. 6069. Adulteration of candy. U. S. v. 86 Boxes of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Blum's
Issue Dates:: April 1945

85. 6070. Adulteration of candy. U. S. v. 25 Boxes of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Russell Mansfield
Issue Dates:: April 1945

86. 6071. Adulteration and misbranding of candy. U. S. v. 115 Cartons of Assorted Toffees. Decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Harry Sagel
Issue Dates:: April 1945

87. 6072. Adulteration and misbranding of candy. U. S. v. 49 Cartons of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Marzipan Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

88. 6073. Misbranding of candy. U. S. v. 365 Boxes of Candy. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Surprise Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

89. 6074. Misbranding of candy. U. S. v. 45 Boxes of J&J Peanut Bar and 40 Boxes of Cocoanut Roll. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a charitable institution.

Defendants:: J & J Candy Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

90. 6075. Misbranding of candy. U. S. v. 14 Cartons of Candy. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered distributed to various charitable institutions.

Defendants:: Charms Sales Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

91. 6076. Adulteration of cocoa substitute. U. S. v. 63 Bags of Cocoa Substitute. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: J. B. Robinson
Issue Dates:: April 1945

92. 6077. Adulteration and misbranding of cocoa. U. S. v. 12 Barrels of "Cocoa Blend," and 20 Bags of "Blend Cocoa." Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Dairy and Ice Cream Supply Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

93. 6078. Adulteration and misbranding of imitation maple sirup. U. S. v. 47 Cases of Pancake Syrup. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.

Defendants:: Metropolitan Pool Car Associates
Issue Dates:: April 1945

94. 6079. Adulteration and misbranding of maple sirup. U. S. v. 37 Cases and 25 Cases of Maple Syrup. Default decrees of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to local institutions.

Defendants:: Tiffany Extract Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

95. 6080. Adulteration and misbranding of maple sirup. U. S. v. 14 Cases of Maple Syrup. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to charitable institutions.

Defendants:: American Roland Food Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

96. 6081. Adulteration and misbranding of cane and maple sirup. U. S. v. 42 Cases of Cane and Maple Syrups. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a local hospital.

Defendants:: Southern Packing Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

97. 6082. Adulteration and misbranding of sorghum sirup. U. S. v. 35 Pails of Syrup. Default decree of condemnation. Product distributed to charitable institutions.

Defendants:: E. E. Kerr
Issue Dates:: April 1945

98. 6083. Misbranding of imitation maple sirup. U. S. v. 149 Cases of Syrup. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to charitable institutions.

Defendants:: Ol' South Extract Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

99. 6084. Adulteration of sugar. U. S. v. 6 Bags and 30 Bags of Sugar. Consent decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for refining and recrystallization.

Defendants:: McKesson & Robbins, Inc.
Issue Dates:: April 1945

100. 6085. Adulteration of sugar. U. S. v. 63 Bags of Sugar. Decree of condemnation. Product ordered released under bond for segregation and denaturing of the unfit portion.

Defendants:: Duling Brothers Co.
Issue Dates:: April 1945